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Chapter 13 Handles Both Older and Newer Income Tax Debts

If you owe a few years of income taxes, Chapter 13 lets you write off those that can be, while giving you time to pay those that must be.

 

Our Example

The last blog post introduced an example of how Chapter 13 can be a particularly good way to handle income tax debts when you owe multiple years of taxes. In that example:

  • Without a bankruptcy, a couple would have to pay about $30,000 to the IRS for back taxes, plus about another $45,000 in medical bills and credit cards, a total of about $75,000. Given their modest income and resulting ability to pay these obligations only very slowly, this couple would almost certainly be subject to many years of collection efforts, lawsuits and garnishments until the obligations were paid off.
  • Under Chapter 13, this same couple would pay only about $18,000—36 months of $500 payments. That’s less than 1/4th of the above $75,000 amount—and substantially less than the taxes alone!. Furthermore, the couple’s monthly payments would be based on their ability to pay. During this payment period their creditors—including the IRS—would be prevented from taking any collection action against them.

How Does Chapter 13 Work to Save So Much on Taxes and Other Debts?

  • Tax debts that are old enough are grouped with the “general unsecured” debts—such as medical bills and credit cards. These are paid usually based on how much money there is left over after paying other more important debts. This means that often these older taxes are paid either nothing or only a few pennies on the dollar.
  • The more recent “priority” taxes DO have to be paid in full in a Chapter 13 case, along with interest accrued until the filing of the case. However: 1) penalties—which can be a significant portion of the debt—are treated like “general unsecured” debts and thus paid little or nothing, and 2) usually interest or penalties stop when the Chapter 13 is filed. These can significantly reduce the total amount that has to be paid.
  • “Priority” taxes—those more recent ones that do have to be paid in full—are all paid before anything is paid to the “general unsecured” debts—the medical bills, credit cards, older income taxes and such. In many cases this means that having these “priority” taxes to pay simply reduces the amount of money which would otherwise have been paid to those “general unsecured” creditors. As a result, in these situations having tax debt does not increase the amount that would have to be paid in a Chapter 13 case, which is after all based on what the debtors can afford. In our example, the couple pays $500 per month because that is what their budget allows. That’s the same amount they would have to pay even if they owed nothing to the IRS! The couple meets their obligations under Chapter 13 by having most of their plan payments go to the IRS recent tax debts, and likely nothing to their other creditors or older IRS debts.
  • The bankruptcy law that stops creditors from trying to collect their debts while a bankruptcy case is active—the “automatic stay”—is as effective stopping the IRS as any other creditor. The IRS can continue to do some very limited and sensible things like demand the filing of a tax return or conduct an audit, but it can’t use the aggressive collection tools that the law otherwise grants to it. Gaining relief from collection pressure from the IRS AND all the rest of the creditors is one of the biggest benefits of Chapter 13.

Deciding Between Chapter 7 and 13 for Income Taxes

If, unlike the example, all of the taxes were old enough to meet the conditions for discharging them under Chapter 7, there would be no need for a Chapter 13 case. On the other hand if more “priority” tax debts had to be paid than in the example, the debtors would have to pay more into their Chapter 13 plan, either through larger monthly payments or for a longer period of time.

There are definitely situations where it is a close call choosing between Chapter 7 or Chapter 13. And sometimes preparing an offer in compromise with the IRS—either instead of or together with a bankruptcy filing—is the best route. To decide which of these is best for you, you need the advice of an experienced bankruptcy attorney to help you make an informed decision and then to execute on it.  

 

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Chapter 13 Handles Tough Income Tax Debts

If you owe recent income taxes, or multiple years of taxes, Chapter 13 can provide huge advantages over Chapter 7, and over other options.

 

This blog post will illustrate this with an example, which will be more fully explained in my next blog.

The Example

Consider a husband and wife with the following scenario:

  • Husband lost his job in 2008, so he started a business, which, after a few promising years in which it generated some income, failed in late 2012.
  • The wife was consistently employed throughout this time, with pay raises only enough to keep up with inflation.
  • They did not have the money to pay the quarterly estimated taxes while husband’s business was in operation, and also could not pay the amount due when they filed their joint tax returns for 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2012. To simplify the facts, for each of those five years they owe the IRS $4,000 in taxes, $750 in penalties, and $250 in interest. So their total IRS debt for those years is $25,000—including $20,000 in the tax itself, $3,750 in penalties, and $1,250 in interest.
  • Husband found a reliable job six months ago, although earning 20% less than he did at the one he lost before he started his business.  
  • They filed every one of their joint tax returns in mid-April when they were due, and have been making modest payments on their tax balance when they have been able to.
  • They have no debts with collateral—no mortgage, no vehicle loans.
  • They owe $35,000 in medical bills and credit cards.
  • They can currently afford to pay about $500 a month to all of their creditors, which is not nearly enough to pay their regular creditors, and that’s before paying a dime to the IRS.
  • They are in big financial trouble.

Without Any Kind of Bankruptcy

  • If they tried to enter into an installment payment plan with the IRS, they would be required to pay the entire tax obligation, with interest and penalties continuing to accrue until all was paid in full.
  • The IRS monthly payment amount would be imposed likely without regard to the other debts they owe.
  • If the couple failed to make their payments, the IRS would try to collect through garnishments and tax liens.
  • Depending how long paying all these taxes would take, the couple could easily end up paying $30,000 to $35,000 with the additional interest and penalties.
  • This would be in addition to their $35,000 medical and credit card debts, which could easily increase to $45,000 or more when debts went to collections or lawsuits.
  • So the couple would eventually end up being forced to pay at least $75,000 to their creditors.

Under Chapter 13

  • The 2008 and 2009 taxes, interest and penalties would very likely be paid nothing and discharged at the end of the case. Same with the penalties for 2010, 2011, and 2012. That covers $11,500 of the $25,000 present tax debt.
  • The remaining $13,500 of taxes and interest for 2010, 2011, and 2012 would have to be paid as a “priority” debt, although without any additional interest or penalties once the Chapter 13 case is filed.
  • Assuming that their income qualified them for a three-year Chapter 13 plan, this couple would likely be allowed to pay about $500 per month for 36 months, or about $18,000, even though they owe many times that to all their creditors.
  • This would be enough to pay the $13,500 “priority” portion of the taxes and interest, plus the “administrative expenses” (the Chapter 13 trustee fees and your attorney fees).
  • Then after three years of payments, they’d be completely done. The “priority” portion of the IRS debt would have been paid in full, but the older IRS debt and all the penalties would be discharged (written off), likely without being paid anything. So would the credit card and medical debts.

After the three years, under Chapter 13 the couple would have paid a total of around $18,000, instead of eventually paying at least $75,000 without the Chapter 13 case. They’d be done—debt-free—instead of just barely starting to pay their mountain of debt. And they would have not spent the last three years worrying about IRS garnishments and tax liens, lawsuits and harassing phone calls, and the constant lack of money for necessary living expenses.

The next blog post will show how all this works.

 

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The Four Conditions for Writing Off Income Taxes in Bankruptcy

The conditions for writing off income tax debts actually make sense.

 

The last blog introduced the four conditions for discharging (legally writing off) taxes in bankruptcy. Here’s a fuller explanation of them.

The Core Principle Behind the Four Conditions

There is a simple principle behind all four of these conditions: under bankruptcy law taxpayers should be able to write off their tax debts just like the rest of their debts, AFTER the IRS (or other tax authority) has a reasonable length of time to try to collect those taxes.

What’s a reasonable length of time in the eyes of the law? How much of an opportunity do the tax authorities have to collect before you can discharge the tax debt?

The four conditions each measure this amount of time differently, based on the following:

1) when the tax return for the particular income tax was due,

2) when the tax return was actually filed,

3) when the tax was “assessed,” and

4) whether the tax return that was filed was honest and therefore reflected the right amount of tax debt when it was filed.

To discharge an income tax debt, it must meet all four of these conditions.

Here they are in order:

1) Three Years Since Tax Return Due:

All income taxes have a fixed due date for its return to be filed. That date may be delayed by a certain number of months if you asked for an extension, but it’s still a specific point in time. This first condition gives the tax authorities three years from the tax return filing date, or from the extended filing date if you asked for an extension. Note that this is fixed date, not affected by when you actually filed the return nor by what the tax authority did once it received the tax return.

2) Two Years Since Tax Return Actually Filed:

This second condition is different than the first because it is a time period triggered by your own action, your filing of the tax return.

Note that you can file a tax return late and still be able to discharge the debt if at least two years have passed since you filed the return. (Caution: there are some parts of the country where some court opinions have questioned this—be sure to talk with your attorney about the law in your jurisdiction.)

3) 240 Days Since Assessment:

This third condition can be a bit confusing. It very seldom comes into play—most tax debts meet this condition without any problem.

Assessment is the tax authority’s formal determination of your tax liability. It usually happens in a straightforward way, when it receives, processes, and accepts your tax return.

Most of the time an income tax is assessed within a few days or weeks that it is received. So the period of time of 240 days after assessment usually passes long before the above three-years-since-the-return-is-due or two-year-since-tax-return-filed time periods. But the law has to account for the less common situations when the assessment is delayed. These situations can involve a lengthy audit, or litigation, or an “offer-in-compromise” (a taxpayer’s formal offer to settle). In these kinds of situations the three-year and two-year periods may have passed before the official assessment of the tax, and so the tax authority still has 240 days once assessment is made to pursue that tax debt.

4) Fraudulent tax returns and tax evasion:

This last condition effectively means that the above time periods are not triggered at all if you are intentionally dishonest on your tax return or try to avoid paying the tax in some other way. In those situations the tax authority has no opportunity even to begin collecting the tax. So, if you don’t meet this condition, you cannot discharge the tax no matter how old it is.

If your tax debt meets these four hoops, you should be able to discharge that tax in either a Chapter 7 or Chapter 13 bankruptcy.

If You Don’t Meet These Conditions

But what if you owe taxes which do not meet these four conditions, and so can’t be discharged? What if some of your taxes can be discharged by meeting these conditions but some of them don’t? Or what if the IRS or the state tax authority has recorded a tax lien? What if your tax debt arises from your operation of a business? What if you owe not income taxes but some other type of tax? The next few blog posts will get into these questions. 

 

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You Can Write Off Some Income Taxes with a “Straight Bankruptcy”

Chapter 13 can be a great way to deal with tax debts. But you don’t always need it, or its 3-to-5-year payment plan.

 

Chapter 7 vs. 13 for Income Taxes

Thinking that the only way to handle your income tax debts in bankruptcy is through Chapter 13 is a misunderstanding of the law. It’s an angle on the broader error thinking that you can’t write off taxes in a bankruptcy.

Both are understandable mistakes.

It is true that some taxes cannot be discharged (legally written off) in bankruptcy. But some can be.

And it is true that Chapter 13 can be the best way to solve many income tax problems. But that does not necessarily mean it is the best for you. Chapter 7 might be instead.

When Chapter 13 Is Better

Chapter 13 tends to be the better option if you owe a string of income tax debts, and especially if some are relatively recent ones. That’s because in these situations Chapter 13 solves two huge problems in one package.

First, if you owe recent income taxes which cannot be discharged, you get lots of advantages under Chapter 13, including paying less by avoiding most penalties and interest. That can be a huge savings, especially if you can afford only relatively small payments. Indeed the amount you pay each month is based on what you can afford to pay. You can often even hold off on paying anything towards the back taxes while you first pay even more important debts—such as back child support, or home mortgage arrearage.

Second, if you have older back taxes, under Chapter 13 you pay these only to the extent that you can afford to do so after first paying your more recent taxes. Then whatever of these older taxes are not paid during your case are discharged at the end of it.

When Chapter 7 is Better

But you don’t need the Chapter 13 package if all or most of your income tax debts are dischargeable. In that situation, the generally much simpler Chapter 7 could be enough.

So, what makes an income tax debt dischargeable under Chapter 7?

The Conditions for Discharging Income Taxes

Some of the conditions for determining which taxes can be discharged are quite straightforward, but some are more complicated. It’s not as simple as applying a simple formula to any particular tax debt to see if it is dischargeable. Figuring out whether a particular tax debt will be discharged requires the careful judgment of an experienced attorney.

The conditions for discharging income taxes are listed here, and then will be explained in the next blog. As listed, they may well not make perfect sense, so make sure you see the next blog post.

To discharge an income tax debt in a Chapter 7 case, it must meet these conditions:

1) 3 years since tax return due: The tax return for the pertinent tax must have been due more than three years before you file your Chapter 7 case. Also, if you requested any extensions for filing the applicable tax returns, add that extra time to this three-year period.

2) 2 years since tax return actually filed: Regardless when the tax return was due, you must have filed at least two years before your bankruptcy is filed in court.

3) 240 days since “assessment”: The taxing authority must have assessed the tax more than 240 days before the bankruptcy filing.

4) Fraudulent tax returns and tax evasion: You cannot file a “fraudulent return” or “willfully attempt in any manner to evade or defeat such tax.”

These four conditions need clarification, which will be provided in the next blog post.

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The Persistent Myth About Taxes and Bankruptcy

Many people believe that bankruptcy can’t write off any income taxes. Even attorneys sometimes perpetuate this myth.


Occasional Attorney Misinformation

The following dialog was found on a video of a bankruptcy attorney’s website showing the attorney being interviewed. In response to a question by the interviewer whether there were some debts that can’t be “touched” in a bankruptcy, the attorney responded:  

“Absolutely. Things like child support, alimony, uh, tax debts, student loans. Those generally aren’t dischargeable.”

The interviewer: 

“So the government’s gonna help you eliminate some of the debt in a bankruptcy. But not the debt to them.”

The attorney quipped:

“Not theirs, of course!”

Putting tax debts in the same category as child support and alimony—which indeed cannot ever be legally written off, or discharged—is wrong because income taxes CAN be discharged, as soon as they are old enough.

It is at the very least highly misleading for the attorney to say that tax debts “generally aren’t dischargeable” while including it with support debts that are never dischargeable, or student loans which are very rarely dischargeable.

Upcoming Answers about Taxes and Bankruptcy

Through the next few blog posts, you’ll learn what taxes can be discharged and what can’t. The fact is that bankruptcy can discharge taxes of many types and in many situations. Sometimes ALL of a taxpayer’s taxes can be discharged, or most of them. But there ARE significant limitations, which I will explain carefully.

Bankruptcy Can Help Deal with Taxes in Many Ways Beyond Potentially Writing Them Off

Besides the possibility that you will be able to discharge some or all of your taxes, bankruptcy can also:

1. Stop the tax authorities from garnishing your wages and bank accounts, and levying on (seizing) your personal and business assets.

2. Prevent them from gaining greater leverage against you, through tax liens and cumulating penalties and interest.

3. Avoid being forced to pay monthly payments directly to the tax authorities, with the monthly amounts dictated without sufficiently considering your other legal obligations and reasonable living expense.

Overall, bankruptcy gives you unique leverage against the IRS and/or your state/local tax authority. It gives you a lot more control over a very powerful class of creditors. Your tax problems are resolved not piecemeal but rather as part of your entire financial package. So you don’t find yourself focusing on your taxes while worrying about the rest of your creditors. 

 

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Be Able to Write Off More Debts by Not Being Rushed into Filing Bankruptcy Too Quickly

More income taxes and credit card debts can be discharged (written off) by tactically delaying bankruptcy. See an attorney to do this right.

 

Last week we introduced the idea that many of the laws about bankruptcy are time-sensitive. When your case is filed can have significant consequences. Last week we focused on the how timing can affect whether you can file a Chapter 7 case or are forced to do a Chapter 13 one. Today we address how timing of a bankruptcy filing can effect what debts can be discharged.

1. Most Income Taxes Can Be Discharged, with the Right Timing

Federal and state income taxes are forever discharged if you meet a number of conditions. Two of the most important of these conditions are met by just waiting long enough before filing your bankruptcy case:

  • Three years must have passed since the time that the tax return for that tax was due (plus any extension if you asked for one).
  • Two years must have passed since you actually filed the pertinent tax return.

For example, assume a taxpayer owes $10,000 to the IRS for the 2009 tax year. She had asked for an extension to file that year to October 15, 2010, but then did not actually file that tax return until October 31, 2011. The above 3-year condition is met after October 15, 2013, because that is three years after the tax return was due. But the 2-year condition has to be met as well, which would not occur until after October 31, 2013, two years after the actual tax return filing date. So filing a bankruptcy case on or before October 31, 2013 would leave that $10,000 tax debt still owing; filing on November 1, 2013 or after would result in it being discharged forever. Simply waiting this one day makes a difference of $10,000.

2. Recent Credit Card Purchases and Cash Advances More Easily Challenged

If a person incurs a debt without intending to repay it, that creditor can challenge the person’s ability to discharge that debt. It’s considered fraudulent—incurred with the intent to cheat the creditor.

Along the same lines, a debt that was entered into a very short time before the person files bankruptcy understandably leads the creditor to wonder if the person already intended to file bankruptcy at the time of that debt. The law takes this situation and creates a “presumption”: under very specific facts, recent credit card purchases and cash advances are “presumed” to be fraudulent. This presumption does not necessarily mean that that particular portion of the debt is not discharged, but that the creditor has a much easier time making that happen.

Here are the specific facts creating the presumptions. The law says that purchases on a single credit card totaling more than $650 made within 90 days before filing bankruptcy are “presumed” not to be dischargeable. Same thing with cash advances on a single account totaling more than $925 made within 70 days before filing bankruptcy.

As shown in our discussion about income taxes above, a delay in filing the bankruptcy case can also work to your advantage with these presumptions. We can avoid giving a creditor the benefit of these presumptions two ways. First, if possible do not use any credit or make any cash advances in the few months before filing bankruptcy—or certainly no more than the stated threshold dollar amounts on any single credit card. Or second, if you’ve already made such purchases and/or cash advances, we could simply hold off filing bankruptcy until the indicated 70-day and 90-day presumption periods have passed.

Be aware that while doing these would solve the presumption problem, a creditor could still challenge the debt’s discharge. But it needs to have evidence that you incurred a debt which you did not intend to pay, or that there was some other kind of fraud or misrepresentation. But because proving such bad intentions is difficult, such challenges without the benefit of a presumption are relatively rare.

So as long as you avoid filing bankruptcy within the 70/90 day presumption periods, you will significantly reduce the chance that the creditor will challenge the discharge of its debt.

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